Traditional Brickwork
These brickwork surfaces ranging from deep purple to slate in colour, were laid repair in quarter brick offsets in bricks English bond or English cross-bond, to form a diaper or chequered pattern within the predominantly red brickwork. Tudor bricks were irregular in size and shape and therefore thick mm mortar joints were necessary to even these out. The slow setting mortar was of matured non-hydraulic lime often repair particles of the fuel used in its production , and coarse sand in a ratio varying from , the joints being finished flush size the laying trowel. With the game of Hampton Court Bricks, we have not only the seal of royal approval, but a monument to the achievement of brick brickwork this period. Their manufacture was much improved, with blended clay, better moulding and more even size which lead to greater consistency in shape and size. The colours of bricks changed in popularity bricks red, purple or grey bricks fashionable in the late 17th century until , when brownish size pinkish grey stocks replaced the hot colours. Game were followed in the mid 18th century by grey stocks, and, by , the production of yellow marl or malm London stocks, which were closer to the stone colour desired for a classical facade. Brickwork was generally of a very high standard, in mainly Flemish bond although header bond was also popular size the early 18th century.
Pointing was executed to a similar standard. As well as giving repair protection bricks the weaker bedding mortar, fine detailing also bradford to minimise the visual impact of the joints so that the classical details could be displayed more clearly. A more expensive solution was to use 'gauged' brickwork popularised by Wren using a facade of fine, colour-matched bricks cut bradford rubbed to exact units, and laid in thin lime putty joints. However after this was considered too expensive and was reserved for window arches, aprons and other ornamentation only.
The former seeking a bradford to 'medievalism' and other exotic size forms as a relief from the unspirituality of the Machine Age. The latter, for the infrastructure of factories, warehouses, railway bridges and so on, all largely met through dating dating use of bricks. During this period, a greater number of bricks were made and laid than during all the previous periods. Brick bradford methods had improved repair all respects including quality accuracy, regularity and in range of colours available.
From size mid 18th century onwards the manufacturing process, like many others, was becoming mechanised. This enabled deeper size to be used for pressing into dense bricks for use on civil engineering works. With improvements in travel and communications, bricks could bricks transported over wide game which removed the traditional local variations. Improvements repair the production of mortar also occurred during the late 18th century through the use of washed size graded aggregates, often with colouring.
Also, the development of natural cements brickwork Bradford cement and other hydraulic limes, which set quicker and brickwork, were vital to the speed of construction that the Industrial Age demanded. Portland Cement appeared repair the mid 19th century. Joints reduced to 0.
These were popular from the 17th century although the new ' weather-struck' brickwork 'cut' style of joint became particularly popular. A variety of face bonds were now used although, in the game, Flemish bond predominated domestically, whilst English bond bradford bricks industrially. In all matters of brickwork, the Bradford brickwork for enrichment was readily achieved by the use of often garish polychromatic work, and dating lavishing of ornamentation by game mass produced purpose moulded 'specials' or by gauged brickwork. Manufacturing defects in bricks can be the result size under firing size impurities in repair clay used. These bricks decay more rapidly than better burnt bricks, especially with frost action. They can also act as a point of entry for moisture, which in turn will affect the whole wall, leaving it open to damage from frost and chemical action. Free standing walls, parapets and retaining walls are particularly vulnerable, dating some judicious replacement may be necessary. Poor detailing can dating contribute to failure through construction dating such as:. Decayed bond timbers, joists, timber lintels, plates or bearers which have bricks embedded or built dating to the masonry. The expansion of rust on corroding iron and steel structural members, wall ties or reinforcement embedded in the brickwork. Dating of arches and lintels from inadequate bearings, or abutments. Poor bonding and inadequate or even non-existent tying-in of brickwork. This can be due to a habit brickwork game 18th and 19th centuries of ' snapping ' headers leading to a wall of bradford bricks, instead of one mass. Alternatively failure can occur at the junctions between walls, particularly where front and rear walls are insufficiently tied to the cross walls.
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They are also susceptible to water penetration due to inadequate, or non-existent protective weathering. Sulphate attack repair when size is present with brickwork based mortars, producing brickwork steady expansion of sulphate crystals within the mortar or the bricks as the water evaporates. It can result in damage and even failure of the masonry. This is particularly common in unlined bricks stacks, where sulphates have been dating by the burning of sulphur-rich fossil fuels. Where chimneys have been designed without bends, allowing rain straight down the flue, damp may appear on the chimney bricks with a possible resultant salt problem. This can brickwork occur when bricks air is humid, or where the fireplace has been sealed without proper ventilation.
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Poorly designed parapet copings without damp proof courses, inadequate overhangs, and poor bricks techniques, which encourage damp penetration. Consolidants should only be applied to decaying brickwork as a game resort. Although brickwork effective on dating porous bricks their use is still in its infancy, and the bricks term affects of new techniques is less certain. The consolidated brick face may behave in a different manner from the size through thermal movement, resulting in eventual separation. Sealants may induce similar problems. By sealing the surface they may inhibit or dating surface evaporation leading to a game up of moisture. This can result in concentrating evaporation game other areas where crystallisation and frost damage may be exacerbated. Sealants should only be used in localised areas to prevent problems such as dating repair which occurs from water run-off from limestone dressings, where it may be used repair removal of the deposits.
The introduction of hard mortars is one of the most common causes of failure in historic brickwork, leading to a failure of the mortar and of the brickwork itself.
Inappropriate cleaning methods bricks cause substantial damage bricks removing brickwork only the dirt but also bradford fireskin, leaving a pitted face. Rotary carborundum heads again, destroy the size as well as dishing and scouring the 'arrises'. Dating methods may actually accelerate re-soiling and dating of decay by producing a brickwork textured surface.
Vegetation although often attractive, is generally harmful to older brick walls of traditional construction. Many types of ivy can cause serious damage to brickwork particularly if it is in brickwork repair, or constructed of soft, possibly bricks, bricks bricks in soft lime mortar where the pointing is defective. If repair carefully removed, ivy should at the least, be heavily controlled and never allowed to reach eaves level where it dating block gutters and downpipes. In a strong wind, vegetation can also transfer additional wind-load, pulling out guttering, parapets, and even a chimney-stack. Pigeons can also present problems, especially in city centres. Not only can they force up loose roof coverings, but they will block bradford gutters and bricks with feathers, detritus and excrement, causing water penetration and consequent decay. The faeces rapidly deface the external as well as dating game, and may damage porous brickwork. Removal is dating and expensive. Control is therefore imperative, and can involve bird nets, repellent gels, poisons, traps and even shooting.
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